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HEPA Filter Technology
HEPA Filter Technology
HEPA Filter Technology
HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filters have a rich history dating back to the 1940s. Originally developed during World War II to protect scientists and workers from radioactive particles, HEPA filters quickly gained recognition for their exceptional filtration capabilities.
The development of HEPA filters was a collaborative effort between the United States Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Energy's Manhattan Project. These filters were initially designed to capture and contain airborne radioactive particles, ensuring the safety of personnel working on nuclear research and development.
Over time, HEPA filters found applications beyond nuclear facilities. Their ability to effectively capture and remove particles as small as 0.3 microns in size made them invaluable in various industries, including healthcare, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, and more.
HEPA filters became widely used in hospitals, laboratories, cleanrooms, and other environments where maintaining clean and sterile air is crucial. Their high filtration efficiency made them instrumental in preventing the spread of airborne diseases, allergens, and other harmful particles.
Today, HEPA filters are an integral part of air purifiers, HVAC systems, vacuum cleaners, and other devices aimed at improving indoor air quality. They continue to be recognized as one of the most efficient and reliable methods for removing airborne contaminants, including dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores, and even certain bacteria and viruses.
The evolution of HEPA filters has led to advancements in filter technology, such as the incorporation of additional layers, electrostatic charges, and antimicrobial treatments. These innovations further enhance their filtration capabilities and contribute to healthier indoor environments.
HEPA filters have come a long way since their inception, and their impact on air quality and human health cannot be overstated. Their continued development and utilization ensure that we can enjoy cleaner and safer air in various settings, promoting overall well-being and comfort.
UV-C technology
HEPA Filter Technology
HEPA Filter Technology
UV-C radiation has a rich history in the field of disinfection. Dating back to the early 20th century, scientists discovered the germicidal properties of UV-C light and its ability to effectively destroy microorganisms.
In the 1930s, UV-C radiation gained recognition for its use in water treatment, particularly in the disinfection of drinking water. Its ability to inactivate harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens made it a valuable tool in ensuring safe and clean water supplies.
Over the years, UV-C radiation technology has evolved and found applications in various industries. In healthcare settings, UV-C radiation has been utilized for disinfecting hospital surfaces, medical equipment, and even air ventilation systems. Its effectiveness in reducing the spread of healthcare-associated infections has made it an essential component of infection control protocols.
In recent times, the emergence of highly contagious pathogens, such as SARCOV-2, has further highlighted the importance of UV-C radiation in disinfection. Studies have shown that UV-C radiation can effectively inactivate viruses, including coronaviruses, providing an additional layer of protection against the transmission of infectious diseases.
With advancements in technology, UV-C radiation disinfection devices have become more accessible and user-friendly. Portable devices designed for personal use, like our product, utilize UV-C radiation to disinfect and inactivate pathogens on various surfaces, including mobile devices, jewelry, and more.
UV-C radiation long-standing history in disinfection, coupled with its proven efficacy, makes it a trusted and reliable method for maintaining cleanliness and promoting hygiene. As we continue to prioritize health and safety, UV-C radiation technology remains at the forefront of disinfection practices, ensuring a safer and healthier environment for all.
The peak in UV-C wavelength with maximum disinfection performance is typically around 265 nanometers (nm). UV-C radiation at this wavelength has been found to be highly effective in inactivating pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. It is important to note that UV-C radiation can be harmful to human skin and eyes, so it should be used with caution and following proper safety guidelines.
Different Technologies
The main difference between UV-C radiation from Hg and Halogens lamps and LED technology lies in the way they generate and emit ultraviolet (UV) energy.
UV-C energy from Hg Lamps:
Hg lamps, also known as mercury lamps, have been traditionally used to generate UV-C radiation. These lamps contain mercury vapor that, when electrically stimulated, emits UV-C radiation. The emitted energy consists of a broad spectrum of wavelengths, including the desired UV-C range. Hg lamps are known for their high intensity and effectiveness in disinfection applications.
LED Technology:
LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology, on the other hand, is a more recent development in UV-C radiation generation. LEDs are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current passes through them. UV-C LEDs are specifically designed to emit energy in the UV-C range. LED technology offers several advantages over Hg lamps, including:
1. Energy Efficiency: UV-C LEDs are more energy-efficient compared to Hg lamps, consuming less power while still providing effective UV-C output.
2. Compact Size: UV-C LEDs are smaller and more compact, making them suitable for integration into various devices and applications.
3. Instant On/Off: LEDs can be turned on and off instantly, allowing for precise control and immediate disinfection when needed.
4. Durability: LEDs have a longer lifespan compared to Hg lamps, reducing the need for frequent replacements.
Shield Guard, after extensive research, decided to use LED technology due to the advantages highlighted above, in relation to Hg and Halogen bulbs. We chose a reputed (STANLEY ELECTRIC) manufacturer with the necessary certificates stated below.
See also:
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-79600-8
FILTER CAPACITY
HEPA Filter Technology
PATHOGEN INACTIVATOR
There are many standards and codes that specify the minimum amount of outdoor air that should be supplied to the house to achieve good IAQ (ASHRAE 2016a, 2016b; CAN/CSA 2014; NBC 2010). These standards and codes vary somewhat and are often expressed in different units. The Canadian ones are expressed in metric units of litres per second (L/s). Generally, they require ventilation rates of about 5 to 10 L/s of outdoor air for each house occupant or roughly a complete house air change every three hours, but these rates vary according to the number of occupants, house volume, occupant activities, and the presence of indoor sources of pollutants
According to the EPA, it is based on a rate of 0.35 air changes per hour indoors, not less than 15 cfm per person. This means that a room with 4 people needs to have at least 60 cfm or 102 cubic meters per hour.
The ShieldGuard solutions AIR rate:
* 267.00m3/h or 275.00ft3/min CFM
PATHOGEN INACTIVATOR
ShieldGuard Particle MATTER
PATHOGEN INACTIVATOR
UV-C is a form of ultraviolet (UV) radiation with a wavelength range of approximately 100 to 280 nanometers (nm). It falls within the germicidal range of the UV spectrum, specifically between 200 and 280 nm, and is highly effective at inactivating pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms. Here's how UV-C radiation works to neutralize pathogens:
1. Disruption of DNA/RNA: UV-C radiation penetrates the outer structure of microorganisms and damages their genetic material, including DNA and RNA. This damage interferes with the microorganism's ability to replicate and reproduce, ultimately rendering it inactive and unable to cause infection.
2. Formation of Thymine Dimers: UV-C radiation primarily targets the nucleic acids within the microorganism's genetic material. When exposed to UV-C radiation, adjacent thymine bases in the DNA or RNA strand can form chemical bonds known as thymine dimers. These dimers disrupt the normal functioning of the genetic material, preventing the microorganism from replicating properly.
3. Loss of Viability: As a result of DNA/RNA damage and the formation of thymine dimers, the microorganism's ability to replicate, transcribe genetic information, and carry out essential cellular processes is compromised. This leads to a loss of viability, effectively neutralizing the pathogen and preventing it from causing infection.
4. Disinfection Efficiency: UV-C radiation at a wavelength of around 265 nm has been found to be particularly effective for disinfection purposes. This wavelength corresponds to the absorption peak of DNA/RNA, maximizing the germicidal efficiency of the UV radiation.
5. Safe and Environmentally Friendly: UV-C radiation disinfection is a chemical-free and environmentally friendly method for pathogen control. It does not involve the use of harsh chemicals or leave behind harmful residues, making it suitable for various applications, including air and water purification, surface disinfection, and medical sterilization.
Overall, UV-C radiation is a powerful tool for inactivating pathogens and maintaining clean and safe environments. When used correctly and in combination with appropriate safety measures, UV-C radiation technology can help reduce the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health.
HOW CAN I SHOW WHETHER A PRODUCT EFFECTIVELY EMITS UV-C RADIATION AT THE CORRECT FREQUENCY TO INACTIVATE PATHOGENS?
To demonstrate whether a product effectively emits UV-C radiation at the correct frequency to inactivate pathogens, you can follow these steps:
1. Verify the Wavelength: Ensure that the product emits UV-C radiation at the correct wavelength known to be effective for pathogen inactivation. For example, UV-C radiation with a wavelength of around 265 nanometers (nm) is particularly effective for damaging the DNA and RNA of microorganisms, rendering them inactive.
2. Use a UV Radiometer: Utilize a UV radiometer to measure the intensity of UV-C radiation emitted by the product. A UV radiometer measures the intensity of UV light at specific wavelengths, allowing you to confirm whether the product emits UV-C radiation within the desired range.
(STANLEY ELECTRIC)
3. Conduct Biological Testing: Perform biological testing to assess the effectiveness of the UV-C radiation in inactivating pathogens. This can involve exposing samples of pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, to the UV-C radiation emitted by the product and then assessing the viability of the pathogens after exposure. Methods such as plaque assays or colony-forming unit (CFU) assays can be used to quantify the reduction in pathogen viability.
4. Consult Scientific Literature: Refer to scientific literature and studies that have evaluated the efficacy of UV-C radiation for pathogen inactivation. Look for studies that specifically assess the effectiveness of UV-C radiation at the wavelength emitted by the product against relevant pathogens.
(See Scientific Articles button)
5. Third-Party Testing: Consider engaging a reputable third-party testing laboratory to evaluate the product's performance. Third-party testing can provide independent verification of the product's ability to emit UV-C radiation at the correct wavelength and effectively inactivate pathogens.
By following these steps and gathering relevant data, you can demonstrate whether a product effectively emits UV-C radiation at the correct frequency to inactivate pathogens, providing confidence in its performance for disinfection purposes.
ShieldGuard chose STANLEY ELECTRIC as its sole supplier of UV-C LEDs, we maintain control with traceability of the purchase of components for 100% of the products sold.
See also:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFMZNMlsAXw
ShieldGuard X Air Purifier
ShieldGuard Particle MATTER
ShieldGuard Particle MATTER
How works an AIR Purifier?
Air purifier works by removing airborne contaminants, such as dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores, and even certain bacteria and viruses, from the air. Here's how it typically works:
1. Air Intake: The air purifier draws air from the surrounding environment through an intake mechanism, such as a fan or suction system.
2. Filtration: Once the air is drawn in, it passes through a series of filters designed to capture particles and pollutants. The most common types of filters used in air purifiers include:
- Pre-filter: This initial filter captures large particles like dust, hair, and lint, preventing them from clogging the main filter and prolonging its lifespan.
- HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) Filter: HEPA filters are highly effective at capturing small particles, including pollen, pet dander, mold spores, and some bacteria and viruses. They can remove particles as small as 0.3 microns with an efficiency of 99.97% or higher.
3. Purified Air Output: After passing through the filters, the purified air is released back into the environment, providing cleaner and fresher indoor air.
Overall, air purifiers help improve indoor air quality by reducing the concentration of airborne pollutants, allergens, and pathogens, creating a healthier and more comfortable living environment.
MPORTANT TO HIGHLIGHT
The architecture of this technology considers that the renewal of AIR continues to occur and the new AIR enters the environment through the ventilation fans, betraying contamination of the central heating or air conditioning and other environments of the residence where there may be contamination
How works a Shieldguard Closed Circuit?
Shieldguard Closed Circuit CANNOT be compared to Air Purifies.
The architecture of an AR circulation system in Canada has a central system with the furnace/conditioned air and the air flow is distributed throughout all rooms of the residence and returns to the central. This cycle continues and external air is added to promote the necessary air exchanges inside the residence. Analyzing this architecture, it appears that we have two sources of permanent contamination. Firstly, coming from external air (obligatory air exchange) and secondly, coming from other rooms where there may be a source of contamination (a person with a cold, for example).
So, if the central furnace/air conditioning filter in the basement is not of high quality and previously maintained, contamination will continually be spread throughout the residence. For example, in the pollen season, pollen comes from the external environment passing through the filter in the basement and a good amount of this contaminant will be distributed throughout the home due to the dynamics of the system. The same analogy applies to soot, dust, and all types of micro-particles.
An air purifier will filter out some of this contamination, but the contamination will continue to enter through the vent floor fans. Those people close to the AIR purifier's AIR outlet will be able to breathe good quality AIR, but outside the reach of the AIR outlet they are subject to breathing mixed AIR.
ShieldGuard closed circuit captures AIR directly from the fan floor vents, filters the air and releases it into the environment with an exchange rate higher than the room's required capacity. In this way, a positive pressure is created and the excess air returns to the central system through the air suction inlets and also leaves under the spaces under the doors to other rooms.
Our architecture creates absolutely clean air through filters and C-band ultraviolet radiation and this air returns to the central unit, ensuring that this cycle of clean air reaches the other rooms of the residence over time. However, the room where the Shieldguard filtration system is installed becomes an absolutely airtight room for any external contaminated air.
See the particle measurements before and after the filter in the photo gallery section
DOES IT SEEM SIMPLE analyzing it like this?
So, those people with respiratory syndromes, allergies to pollen and other allergic agents have at their disposal a specially engineered solution capable of keeping their environment, be it a bedroom or work environment, absolutely clean of pollutants and pathogens.
Professional solutions for domestic use.
Together we achieve extraordinary.
ShieldGuard Particle MATTER
ShieldGuard Particle MATTER
ShieldGuard Particle MATTER
Clean rooms are classified based on the concentration and size of airborne particles in a cubic meter of air. The levels of particulate matter (PM) for different sizes, such as PM2.5, PM1, PM0.5, and PM0.3, can vary depending on the clean room classification standards. The most widely used standards for clean rooms are ISO 14644-1 and the Federal Standard 209E. Here’s a summary of the particle count limits for various clean room classes according to ISO 14644-1:
### ISO 14644-1 Clean Room Classifications
**ISO Class 1:**
- PM2.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter
- PM1: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.3: 10 particles per cubic meter
**ISO Class 2:**
- PM2.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter
- PM1: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.5: 10 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.3: 100 particles per cubic meter
**ISO Class 3:**
- PM2.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter
- PM1: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.5: 1,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.3: 1,000 particles per cubic meter
**ISO Class 4:**
- PM2.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter
- PM1: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.5: 10,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.3: 10,000 particles per cubic meter
**ISO Class 5:**
- PM2.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter
- PM1: 83,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.5: 100,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.3: 100,000 particles per cubic meter
**ISO Class 6:**
- PM2.5: 293,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM1: 832,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.5: 1,000,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.3: 1,000,000 particles per cubic meter
**ISO Class 7:**
- PM2.5: 2,930,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM1: 8,320,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.5: 10,000,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.3: 10,000,000 particles per cubic meter
**ISO Class 8:**
- PM2.5: 29,300,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM1: 83,200,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.5: 100,000,000 particles per cubic meter
- PM0.3: 100,000,000 particles per cubic meter
### Federal Standard 209E (for comparison, now mostly replaced by ISO 14644-1):
**Class 1:**
- 1 particle of size 0.1 µm or larger per cubic foot of air
**Class 10:**
- 10 particles of size 0.1 µm or larger per cubic foot of air
**Class 100:**
- 100 particles of size 0.5 µm or larger per cubic foot of air
**Class 1,000:**
- 1,000 particles of size 0.5 µm or larger per cubic foot of air
**Class 10,000:**
- 10,000 particles of size 0.5 µm or larger per cubic foot of air
**Class 100,000:**
- 100,000 particles of size 0.5 µm or larger per cubic foot of air
To classify a clean room accurately, you need to refer to these standards and measure the particle concentration using appropriate equipment.
Classification Standards for Medical Operating Rooms:
ISO 14644-1:
Medical operating rooms also follow specific air quality standards to minimize the risk of infection and ensure a clean environment for surgical procedures. The classification of clean air in medical operating rooms can be aligned with both ISO 14644-1 standards and other health-specific guidelines such as those provided by the Federal Standard 209E or standards set by organizations like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO).
Operating rooms typically aim for air cleanliness levels between ISO Class 5 and ISO Class 7. Here’s a brief overview of particle concentration limits for these classes:
- ISO Class 5:
- Particles ≥0.3 µm: 10,200 particles per cubic meter
- Particles ≥0.5 µm: 3,520 particles per cubic meter
- Particles ≥1.0 µm: 832 particles per cubic meter
- Particles ≥5.0 µm: 29 particles per cubic meter
- ISO Class 6:
- Particles ≥0.3 µm: 102,000 particles per cubic meter
- Particles ≥0.5 µm: 35,200 particles per cubic meter
- Particles ≥1.0 µm: 8,320 particles per cubic meter
- Particles ≥5.0 µm: 293 particles per cubic meter
- ISO Class 7:
- Particles ≥0.3 µm: 1,020,000 particles per cubic meter
- Particles ≥0.5 µm: 352,000 particles per cubic meter
- Particles ≥1.0 µm: 83,200 particles per cubic meter
- Particles ≥5.0 µm: 2,930 particles per cubic meter
Federal Standard 209E:
Though this standard is largely replaced by ISO 14644-1, some guidelines may still reference it. For operating rooms, classes typically range from Class 10,000 to Class 100,000.
- Class 10,000 (Equivalent to ISO Class 7):
- Particles ≥0.5 µm: 10,000 particles per cubic foot
- Class 100,000 (Equivalent to ISO Class 8):
- Particles ≥0.5 µm: 100,000 particles per cubic foot
Other Guidelines:
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Institute of Architects (AIA):
- Minimum 15 air changes per hour (ACH) for operating rooms.
- At least 3 air changes per hour should be fresh air.
- HEPA filtration is recommended to remove airborne particles effectively.
- Positive pressure differential of at least 0.01 inch water gauge (2.5 Pa) relative to adjacent areas.
World Health Organization (WHO):
- Similar guidelines to CDC and ISO standards, emphasizing the importance of high-efficiency filtration and maintaining positive pressure.
Ensuring Clean Air in Operating Rooms:
- HEPA Filters: High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are commonly used in operating room HVAC systems to capture airborne particles.
- Laminar Airflow Systems: These systems provide a continuous flow of filtered air, reducing the risk of contamination.
- Positive Pressure: Ensures that air flows out of the operating room rather than into it, preventing contaminants from entering.
Measurement and Monitoring:
To ensure compliance, regular monitoring of particle counts and air changes per hour is necessary. This involves:
- Using Particle Counters: To measure the concentration of particles at different sizes (e.g., PM0.3, PM0.5, PM1, PM2.5).
- Airflow Measurements: Ensuring the proper number of air changes per hour (ACH) and maintaining positive pressure.
By adhering to these standards and guidelines, medical operating rooms can maintain a high level of air cleanliness, minimizing the risk of infection and ensuring a safe environment for surgical procedures.
SHIELDGUARD PM
PM 0.3 - 224
PM 0.5 - 7
PM 1 - 0
PM 2.5 - 0
PM 5 - 0
PM 10 - 0
Professional solutions for domestic use.
Together we achieve extraordinary.
Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection in British Columbia
Critical Illness in an Adolescent with Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection | New England Journal of Medicine.
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2415890