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Solution Overview - Air Filter with Pathogen Inactivator

THREE PRODUCTS IN ONE:


1 - A HEPA+ Air Filter

2 - A Pathogen Inactivator with ultraviolet radiation

3 - A Chamber to place your personal belongings for sanitization


Shieldguard introducing the ultimate air filter designed to safeguard your home and family. This advanced air filter utilizes state-of-the-art HEPA technology, effectively capturing microscopic particles and contaminants, from the air drawn through your floor vents. It creates an airtight, positive pressure environment within your home, ensuring that only clean, filtered air circulates while preventing the infiltration of harmful pollutants. 

Engineered for maximum efficiency and reliability, this air filter provides peace of mind and unparalleled protection against airborne threats.


1 - A HEPA+ AIR FILTER

Our mobile air filter utilizes HEPA+ technology. This innovative device ensures clean and purified air in your home, providing you and your family with a healthier living environment. Breathe easy knowing that harmful particles, are being eliminated. 

The heart of the air filter is our cartridge, specially assembled by Shieldguard, which has an activated carbon pre-filter film, three HEPA filters in series and at the end a second film of MERV17 filtering material. This set, assembled in a single form called a cartridge, is easy to install and/or replace, which can be done every 12 months, or in heavy use every 6 months, to maintain adequate air filtration levels within the standards of clean rooms or surgical operating rooms according to ISO 14644-1.

-  Normal Use  8 to 12 hours per day

-  Heavy Use  More than 12 hours a day


2 - PATHOGEN INACTIVATOR & 

3 - SANITIZING CHAMBER

In the upper part of the filter we have a chamber, where the AIR, after the mechanical filtration phase, passes at low speed and remains for the minimum time necessary to receive a dose of ultraviolet radiation and inactivate possible pathogens that had passed through the previous phase.

The upper part of the filter has a lid, where we have access to the disinfection chamber where the air circulates and where personal objects can be placed to inactivate pathogens. 

A minimum time of 2 minutes for exposing personal items to a sufficient dosage of UV-C (265nm) and inactivation of pathogens such as SARCOV2. 


HEPA is a type of pleated mechanical air filter. It is an acronym for "high efficiency particulate air [filter]".  This type of air filter can theoretically remove at least 99.97% of dust, pollen, mold, bacteria, and any airborne particles with a size of 0.3 microns (µm). The diameter specification of 0.3 microns corresponds to the worst case; the most penetrating particle size (MPPS). Particles that are larger or smaller are trapped with even higher efficiency. Using the worst-case particle size results in the worst-case efficiency rating (i.e. 99.97% or better for all particle sizes).

ULTRAVIOLET

UV-C radiation has a rich history in the field of disinfection. Dating back to the early 20th century, scientists discovered the germicidal properties of UV-C light and its ability to effectively destroy microorganisms.

In the 1930s, UV-C radiation gained recognition for its use in water treatment, particularly in the disinfection of drinking water. Its ability to inactivate harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens made it a valuable tool in ensuring safe and clean water supplies.

Over the years, UV-C radiation technology has evolved and found applications in various industries. In healthcare settings, UV-C radiation has been utilized for disinfecting hospital surfaces, medical equipment, and even air ventilation systems. Its effectiveness in reducing the spread of healthcare-associated infections has made it an essential component of infection control protocols.

In recent times, the emergence of highly contagious pathogens, such as SARCOV-2, has further highlighted the importance of UV-C radiation in disinfection. Studies have shown that UV-C radiation can effectively inactivate viruses, including coronaviruses, providing an additional layer of protection against the transmission of infectious diseases.

With advancements in technology, UV-C radiation disinfection devices have become more accessible and user-friendly. Portable devices designed for personal use, like our product, utilize UV-C radiation to disinfect and inactivate pathogens on various surfaces, including mobile devices, jewelry, and more.

UV-C radiation long-standing history in disinfection, coupled with its proven efficacy, makes it a trusted and reliable method for maintaining cleanliness and promoting hygiene. As we continue to prioritize health and safety, UV-C radiation technology remains at the forefront of disinfection practices, ensuring a safer and healthier environment for all.

The peak in UV-C wavelength with maximum disinfection performance is typically around 265 nanometers (nm). UV-C radiation at this wavelength has been found to be highly effective in inactivating pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. It is important to note that UV-C radiation can be harmful to human skin and eyes, so it should be used with caution and following proper safety guidelines in this manual and Product Label.

Bacteria and viruses proliferate by cell division based on genetic information to cause infection and illness. DNA and RNA holds the genetic information necessary for this proliferation to occur. Irradiating with UV-C changes the helix structure of DNA and RNA of held by bacteria and viruses, which can inactivate these bacteria and viruses resulting in reducing their proliferation.

Shieldguard AIR FILTER with pathogen inactivation technology is the result of a collaborative effort with STANLEY ELECTRIC, the provider of the UV-C radiation emitter technology. 

STANLEY ELECTRIC has verified the effect of ultraviolet LEDs on the new coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). From the results of evaluation tests performed jointly with Yamaguchi University 

Complete Information Source:

https://www.stanley.co.jp/e/product/uvc_product/effect/?__CAMCID=fCIvvwDPwk-528&__CAMI=3.2.1.1.DeQMjihdCDE.QuERDpjOe9j4mBaa-69&__CAMSID=QuERDpjOe9j4mBaa-69&__CAMVID=DeQMjihdCDE&_c_d=1&_ct=1713318564639&_ga=2.211907860.1059319896.1713317398-1844005522.1713109841


PERFORMANCE - TECHNOLOGY AND UV-C INTENSITY

 

The project was designed based on 3 requirements, FIRST the use of a project (UV-C LED) tested and approved by a renowned institution, SECOND Use of the same components, and minimum dosage, THIRD A Quality Management System (QMS) that guarantees the use of the same components, traceability and advertising to the buyer.


FIRST

Shieldguard uses STANLEY ELECTRIC UVC LED at 265nm, with power and exposure distance in the exposure chamber as approved and tested by our LED supplier STANLEY ELECTRIC at Yamagishi University in Japan.

Source:

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S266646902100035X?via%3Dihub


SECOND

Inactivation rate of SARS-CoV-2 is 99.9% or more, when the UV Dose is 5.1mJ/cm2 

The exposure chamber, where the filtered air passes and where we have the acrylic support to place personal belongings, is 40cm (15.7”) long, 25cm (9.8”) wide and 10cm (3.9”) high internally.

The UV-C irradiation doses (DD) in mJ/ cm2 for a 210 mW UV-C source at distances of 3 cm, are as follows:

Maximum distance and time of an irradiated point from the irradiation source: 

3 cm  

0.2s:  1.49mJ/cm2  

0.5s:   3.71mJ/cm2  

1s:   7.43mJ/cm2  

2s:   14.85mJ/cm2  

120s:  891.27mJ/cm2  

Considering the internal dimensions of the chamber, we have an air volume of 10,000cm3, or 10L, or 0.01m3 and an air outlet/inlet with an area of ​​0.004m2. 

Let's calculate the time the air volume remains inside the chamber considering an air flow of 4ms and 2m/s respectively, which consists of the maximum speed of the fan motor and half.

For flow of 4 m/s: 0.625 seconds.

For flow of 2 m/s: 1.25 seconds.

NOTE: 

These are the direct results applying the data on the chamber area, flow velocity and its inlet-outlet area and the maximum distances from the UV-C irradiation sources. We will not illustrate the formulas step by step so as not to make it too long. The important thing is that the results are mathematically verifiable by anyone.

Conclusion: 

The system was designed to allow the volume of filtered air inside the chamber to remain exposed to UV-C radiation for a minimum amount of time at a distance, of no more than 3 cm and to allow a dosage greater than 5.1 mJ/cm2 at the maximum speed of the fan motor. The lower the speed, the greater the efficiency in terms of the time that the volume of air will remain inside the chamber exposed to the UV-C dosage.

For items to be placed inside the chamber, under the support, the suggested minimum time of 120 seconds is much longer than enough for the items to receive the necessary dosage to disrupt the virus's DNA/RNA.

THIRD

Shieldguard has an internal quality management system that seeks to provide a unique and non-transferable identity for each manufactured unit. Crucial components, such as ultraviolet radiation emitters, have a unique identification (serial number, batch number and date) printed on the purchase invoice. This information is linked to the customer's name, generating a certificate and allowing traceability down to the component level. With this practice, we guarantee that the product purchased used original components with model (ZEUBE265 Family) and brand (Stanley Electric) identical to those used in the evaluation tests developed by STANLEY ELECTRIC at Yamaguchi University in Japan. 

Additionally, after assembly, we measure and record on the customer's certificate the dosage (mJ/cm2) and PM average in the exposure chamber with appropriate instrumentation with Calibration. Certification. These measures seek to provide guarantees to the buyer that he is purchasing an original product, with tested, effective components, with final assembly evaluated, allowing traceability at the component level.


SPECIFICATIONS

Performance and Technical Specifications   

Model Number  HEPA UV-C air filter  

Filter cartridge life  12 months

UV-C emitter life  10,000 hours

Physical 

Dimension  L 17.3”x W 11.9”x H 19.5”

 L 43.94 x W 30.23 x H 49.53 cm  

Weight  1000 g

Environmental  

Operating Temperature  5°C/41F to 40°C/104F  

Humidity  20% – 90%

Noise (Bedroom door closed)

OFF   37.9dB

High   51.0dB

High   39.5dB (1 meter distance)

Electrical

Voltage   120V OPTION 12V on request.

Power Consumption   0.384 amp or 44W 

Air Flow

Hi     478.66m3/h or 281.73 ft3/min CFM

Mid  233.49m3/h or 137.43 ft3/min CFM

Miscellaneous

Emission EMI/EMC    RF 0.3mW/m2 / EF 3V/m /  EMF 1.2mG

Radiation  15CPM / 0.10uSv/h / 0.010mR/h

Regulatory

Electrical Safety  IEC 61010-1

Emission EMI/EMC  Class A limits of IEC 61326, FCC Part 15 Subpart B and ICES-003 

RoHS Compliant  YES

Pb Free HEAT  YES


TECHNOLOY AND CIENTIFIC ARTICLES


What is a HEPA Filter Technology


HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) filters have a rich history dating back to the 1940s. Originally developed during World War II to protect scientists and workers from radioactive particles, HEPA filters quickly gained recognition for their exceptional filtration capabilities. 

The development of HEPA filters was a collaborative effort between the United States Atomic Energy Commission and the Department of Energy's Manhattan Project. These filters were initially designed to capture and contain airborne radioactive particles, ensuring the safety of personnel working on nuclear research and development. 

Over time, HEPA filters found applications beyond nuclear facilities. Their ability to effectively capture and remove particles as small as 0.3 microns in size made them invaluable in various industries, including healthcare, pharmaceuticals, aerospace, and more.


HEPA filters became widely used in hospitals, laboratories, cleanrooms, and other environments where maintaining clean and sterile air is crucial. Their high filtration efficiency made them instrumental in preventing the spread of airborne diseases, allergens, and other harmful particles. 

Today, HEPA filters are an integral part of air purifiers, HVAC systems, vacuum cleaners, and other devices aimed at improving indoor air quality. They continue to be recognized as one of the most efficient and reliable methods for removing airborne contaminants, including dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores, and even certain bacteria and viruses. 

The evolution of HEPA filters has led to advancements in filter technology, such as the incorporation of additional layers, electrostatic charges, and antimicrobial treatments. These innovations further enhance their filtration capabilities and contribute to healthier indoor environments. 

HEPA filters have come a long way since their inception, and their impact on air quality and human health cannot be overstated. Their continued development and utilization ensure that we can enjoy cleaner and safer air in various settings, promoting overall well-being and comfort.

See also https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/guidance-documents/guide-home-ventilation-covid-19-pandemic.html


What is UV-C technology


UV-C radiation has a rich history in the field of disinfection. Dating back to the early 20th century, scientists discovered the germicidal properties of UV-C light and its ability to effectively destroy microorganisms.

In the 1930s, UV-C radiation gained recognition for its use in water treatment, particularly in the disinfection of drinking water. Its ability to inactivate harmful bacteria, viruses, and other pathogens made it a valuable tool in ensuring safe and clean water supplies.

Over the years, UV-C radiation technology has evolved and found applications in various industries. In healthcare settings, UV-C radiation has been utilized for disinfecting hospital surfaces, medical equipment, and even air ventilation systems. Its effectiveness in reducing the spread of healthcare-associated infections has made it an essential component of infection control protocols. 

In recent times, the emergence of highly contagious pathogens, such as SARCOV-2, has further highlighted the importance of UV-C radiation in disinfection. Studies have shown that UV-C radiation can effectively inactivate viruses, including coronaviruses, providing an additional layer of protection against the transmission of infectious diseases. 

With advancements in technology, UV-C radiation disinfection devices have become more accessible and user-friendly. Portable devices designed for personal use, like our product, utilize UV-C radiation to disinfect and inactivate pathogens on various surfaces, including mobile devices, jewelry, and more. 

UV-C radiation long-standing history in disinfection, coupled with its proven efficacy, makes it a trusted and reliable method for maintaining cleanliness and promoting hygiene. As we continue to prioritize health and safety, UV-C radiation technology remains at the forefront of disinfection practices, ensuring a safer and healthier environment for all.

The peak in UV-C wavelength with maximum disinfection performance is typically around 265 nanometers (nm). UV-C radiation at this wavelength has been found to be highly effective in inactivating pathogens, including bacteria and viruses. It is important to note that UV-C radiation can be harmful to human skin and eyes, so it should be used with caution and following proper safety guidelines.


Different Technologies

The main difference between UV-C radiation from Hg and Halogens lamps and LED technology lies in the way they generate and emit ultraviolet (UV) energy. UV-C energy from Hg Lamps: Hg lamps, also known as mercury lamps, have been traditionally used to generate UV-C radiation. These lamps contain mercury vapor that, when electrically stimulated, emits UV-C radiation. The emitted energy consists of a broad spectrum of wavelengths, including the desired UV-C range. Hg lamps are known for their high intensity and effectiveness in disinfection applications.

LED Technology: LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology, on the other hand, is a more recent development in UV-C radiation generation. LEDs are semiconductor devices that emit light when an electric current passes through them. UV-C LEDs are specifically designed to emit energy in the UV-C range. LED technology offers several advantages over Hg lamps, including: 

1. Energy Efficiency: UV-C LEDs are more energy-efficient compared to Hg lamps, consuming less power while still providing effective UV-C output. 2. Compact Size: UV-C LEDs are smaller and more compact, making them suitable for integration into various devices and applications. 3. Instant On/Off: LEDs can be turned on and off instantly, allowing for precise control and immediate disinfection when needed. 4. Durability: LEDs have a longer lifespan compared to Hg lamps, reducing the need for frequent replacements. 

Shield Guard, after extensive research, decided to use LED technology due to the advantages highlighted above, in relation to Hg and Halogen bulbs. We chose a reputed (STANLEY ELECTRIC) manufacturer with the necessary certificates stated below.

See also:

https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/canadas-reponse/summaries-recent-evidence/ultraviolet-germicidal-irradiation-technologies-use-against-sars-cov-2.html#

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-79600-8

https://www.stanley.co.jp/e/product/uvc_product/effect/?__CAMCID=fCIvvwDPwk-528&__CAMI=3.2.1.1.DeQMjihdCDE.QuERDpjOe9j4mBaa-69&__CAMSID=QuERDpjOe9j4mBaa-69&__CAMVID=DeQMjihdCDE&_c_d=1&_ct=1713318564639&_ga=2.211907860.1059319896.1713317398-1844005522.1713109841


Filter Capacity


There are many standards and codes that specify the minimum amount of outdoor air that should be supplied to the house to achieve good IAQ (ASHRAE 2016a, 2016b; CAN/CSA 2014; NBC 2010). These standards and codes vary somewhat and are often expressed in different units. The Canadian ones are expressed in metric units of litres per second (L/s). Generally, they require ventilation rates of about 5 to 10 L/s of outdoor air for each house occupant or roughly a complete house air change every three hours, but these rates vary according to the number of occupants, house volume, occupant activities, and the presence of indoor sources of pollutants

According to the EPA, it is based on a rate of 0.35 air changes per hour indoors, not less than 15 cfm per person. This means that a room with 4 people needs to have at least 60 cfm or 102 cubic meters per hour.

The ShieldGuard solutions AIR rate:

* 267.00m3/h or 275.00ft3/min CFM

https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/publications/healthy-living/ventilation-indoor-environment.html#

https://www.epa.gov/indoor-air-quality-iaq/how-much-ventilation-do-i-need-my-home-improve-indoor-air-quality


PATHOGEN INACTIVATOR


UV-C is a form of ultraviolet (UV) radiation with a wavelength range of approximately 100 to 280 nanometers (nm). It falls within the germicidal range of the UV spectrum, specifically between 200 and 280 nm, and is highly effective at inactivating pathogens, including viruses, bacteria, and other microorganisms. Here's how UV-C radiation works to neutralize pathogens:

1. Disruption of DNA/RNA: UV-C radiation penetrates the outer structure of microorganisms and damages their genetic material, including DNA and RNA. This damage interferes with the microorganism's ability to replicate and reproduce, ultimately rendering it inactive and unable to cause infection.

2. Formation of Thymine Dimers: UV-C radiation primarily targets the nucleic acids within the microorganism's genetic material. When exposed to UV-C radiation, adjacent thymine bases in the DNA or RNA strand can form chemical bonds known as thymine dimers. These dimers disrupt the normal functioning of the genetic material, preventing the microorganism from replicating properly.

3. Loss of Viability: As a result of DNA/RNA damage and the formation of thymine dimers, the microorganism's ability to replicate, transcribe genetic information, and carry out essential cellular processes is compromised. This leads to a loss of viability, effectively neutralizing the pathogen and preventing it from causing infection.

4. Disinfection Efficiency: UV-C radiation at a wavelength of around 265 nm has been found to be particularly effective for disinfection purposes. This wavelength corresponds to the absorption peak of DNA/RNA, maximizing the germicidal efficiency of the UV radiation.

5. Safe and Environmentally Friendly: UV-C radiation disinfection is a chemical-free and environmentally friendly method for pathogen control. It does not involve the use of harsh chemicals or leave behind harmful residues, making it suitable for various applications, including air and water purification, surface disinfection, and medical sterilization.

Overall, UV-C radiation is a powerful tool for inactivating pathogens and maintaining clean and safe environments. When used correctly and in combination with appropriate safety measures, UV-C radiation technology can help reduce the spread of infectious diseases and protect public health.

HOW CAN I SHOW WHETHER A PRODUCT EFFECTIVELY EMITS UV-C RADIATION AT THE CORRECT FREQUENCY TO INACTIVATE PATHOGENS?


To demonstrate whether a product effectively emits UV-C radiation at the correct frequency to inactivate pathogens, you can follow these steps:

1. Verify the Wavelength: Ensure that the product emits UV-C radiation at the correct wavelength known to be effective for pathogen inactivation. For example, UV-C radiation with a wavelength of around 265 nanometers (nm) is particularly effective for damaging the DNA and RNA of microorganisms, rendering them inactive.

(https://www.stanley.co.jp/e/product/uvc_product/effect/?__CAMCID=fCIvvwDPwk-528&__CAMI=3.2.1.1.DeQMjihdCDE.QuERDpjOe9j4mBaa-69&__CAMSID=QuERDpjOe9j4mBaa-69&__CAMVID=DeQMjihdCDE&_c_d=1&_ct=1713318564639&_ga=2.211907860.1059319896.1713317398-1844005522.1713109841)

2. Use a UV Radiometer: Utilize a UV radiometer to measure the intensity of UV-C radiation emitted by the product. A UV radiometer measures the intensity of UV light at specific wavelengths, allowing you to confirm whether the product emits UV-C radiation within the desired range.

(STANLEY ELECTRIC)

3. Conduct Biological Testing: Perform biological testing to assess the effectiveness of the UV-C radiation in inactivating pathogens. This can involve exposing samples of pathogens, such as bacteria or viruses, to the UV-C radiation emitted by the product and then assessing the viability of the pathogens after exposure. Methods such as plaque assays or colony-forming unit (CFU) assays can be used to quantify the reduction in pathogen viability.

(https://contents.xj-storage.jp/xcontents/69230/7fea2858/b01a/4111/bc24/b78828436334/20200818113158036s.pdf)

4. Consult Scientific Literature: Refer to scientific literature and studies that have evaluated the efficacy of UV-C radiation for pathogen inactivation. Look for studies that specifically assess the effectiveness of UV-C radiation at the wavelength emitted by the product against relevant pathogens.

(See Scientific Articles button)

5. Third-Party Testing: Consider engaging a reputable third-party testing laboratory to evaluate the product's performance. Third-party testing can provide independent verification of the product's ability to emit UV-C radiation at the correct wavelength and effectively inactivate pathogens.

(https://contents.xj-storage.jp/xcontents/69230/7fea2858/b01a/4111/bc24/b78828436334/20200818113158036s.pdf)

By following these steps and gathering relevant data, you can demonstrate whether a product effectively emits UV-C radiation at the correct frequency to inactivate pathogens, providing confidence in its performance for disinfection purposes.

ShieldGuard chose STANLEY ELECTRIC as its sole supplier of UV-C LEDs, we maintain control with traceability of the purchase of components for 100% of the products sold.

See also: 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FFMZNMlsAXw


How works an AIR Purifier?

Air purifier works by removing airborne contaminants, such as dust, pollen, pet dander, mold spores, and even certain bacteria and viruses, from the air. Here's how it typically works:

1. Air Intake: The air purifier draws air from the surrounding environment through an intake mechanism, such as a fan or suction system.

2. Filtration: Once the air is drawn in, it passes through a series of filters designed to capture particles and pollutants. The most common types of filters used in air purifiers include:

- Pre-filter: This initial filter captures large particles like dust, hair, and lint, preventing them from clogging the main filter and prolonging its lifespan.

- HEPA (High-Efficiency Particulate Air) Filter: HEPA filters are highly effective at capturing small particles, including pollen, pet dander, mold spores, and some bacteria and viruses. They can remove particles as small as 0.3 microns with an efficiency of 99.97% or higher.

3. Purified Air Output: After passing through the filters, the purified air is released back into the environment, providing cleaner and fresher indoor air.

Overall, air purifiers help improve indoor air quality by reducing the concentration of airborne pollutants, allergens, and pathogens, creating a healthier and more comfortable living environment.

MPORTANT TO HIGHLIGHT

The architecture of this technology considers that the renewal of AIR continues to occur and the new AIR enters the environment through the ventilation fans, betraying contamination of the central heating or air conditioning and other environments of the residence where there may be contamination

How works a Shieldguard Closed Circuit?

Shieldguard Closed Circuit CANNOT be compared to Air Purifies. 

The architecture of an AR circulation system in Canada has a central system with the furnace/conditioned air and the air flow is distributed throughout all rooms of the residence and returns to the central. This cycle continues and external air is added to promote the necessary air exchanges inside the residence. Analyzing this architecture, it appears that we have two sources of permanent contamination. Firstly, coming from external air (obligatory air exchange) and secondly, coming from other rooms where there may be a source of contamination (a person with a cold, for example).

So, if the central furnace/air conditioning filter in the basement is not of high quality and previously maintained, contamination will continually be spread throughout the residence. For example, in the pollen season, pollen comes from the external environment passing through the filter in the basement and a good amount of this contaminant will be distributed throughout the home due to the dynamics of the system. The same analogy applies to soot, dust, and all types of micro-particles.

An air purifier will filter out some of this contamination, but the contamination will continue to enter through the vent floor fans. Those people close to the AIR purifier's AIR outlet will be able to breathe good quality AIR, but outside the reach of the AIR outlet they are subject to breathing mixed AIR.

ShieldGuard closed circuit captures AIR directly from the fan floor vents, filters the air and releases it into the environment with an exchange rate higher than the room's required capacity. In this way, a positive pressure is created and the excess air returns to the central system through the air suction inlets and also leaves under the spaces under the doors to other rooms.

Our architecture creates absolutely clean air through filters and C-band ultraviolet radiation and this air returns to the central unit, ensuring that this cycle of clean air reaches the other rooms of the residence over time. However, the room where the Shieldguard filtration system is installed becomes an absolutely airtight room for any external contaminated air.

See the particle measurements before and after the filter in the photo gallery section

DOES IT SEEM SIMPLE analyzing it like this?

So, those people with respiratory syndromes, allergies to pollen and other allergic agents have at their disposal a specially engineered solution capable of keeping their environment, be it a bedroom or work environment, absolutely clean of pollutants and pathogens.

Professional solutions for domestic use.

Together we achieve extraordinary.


ShieldGuard Particle MATTER


Clean rooms are classified based on the concentration and size of airborne particles in a cubic meter of air. The levels of particulate matter (PM) for different sizes, such as PM2.5, PM1, PM0.5, and PM0.3, can vary depending on the clean room classification standards. The most widely used standards for clean rooms are ISO 14644-1 and the Federal Standard 209E. Here’s a summary of the particle count limits for various clean room classes according to ISO 14644-1:

ISO 14644-1 Clean Room Classifications

**ISO Class 1:**

- PM2.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter

- PM1: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.3: 10 particles per cubic meter

**ISO Class 2:**

- PM2.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter

- PM1: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.5: 10 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.3: 100 particles per cubic meter

**ISO Class 3:**

- PM2.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter

- PM1: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.5: 1,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.3: 1,000 particles per cubic meter

**ISO Class 4:**

- PM2.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter

- PM1: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.5: 10,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.3: 10,000 particles per cubic meter

**ISO Class 5:**

- PM2.5: Virtually 0 particles per cubic meter

- PM1: 83,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.5: 100,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.3: 100,000 particles per cubic meter

**ISO Class 6:**

- PM2.5: 293,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM1: 832,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.5: 1,000,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.3: 1,000,000 particles per cubic meter

**ISO Class 7:**

- PM2.5: 2,930,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM1: 8,320,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.5: 10,000,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.3: 10,000,000 particles per cubic meter


**ISO Class 8:**

- PM2.5: 29,300,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM1: 83,200,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.5: 100,000,000 particles per cubic meter

- PM0.3: 100,000,000 particles per cubic meter

Federal Standard 209E (for comparison, now mostly replaced by ISO 14644-1):

**Class 1:**

- 1 particle of size 0.1 µm or larger per cubic foot of air

**Class 10:**

- 10 particles of size 0.1 µm or larger per cubic foot of air

**Class 100:**

- 100 particles of size 0.5 µm or larger per cubic foot of air

**Class 1,000:**

- 1,000 particles of size 0.5 µm or larger per cubic foot of air

**Class 10,000:**

- 10,000 particles of size 0.5 µm or larger per cubic foot of air

**Class 100,000:**

- 100,000 particles of size 0.5 µm or larger per cubic foot of air

To classify a clean room accurately, you need to refer to these standards and measure the particle concentration using appropriate equipment.

Classification Standards for Medical Operating Rooms:

ISO 14644-1:

Medical operating rooms also follow specific air quality standards to minimize the risk of infection and ensure a clean environment for surgical procedures. The classification of clean air in medical operating rooms can be aligned with both ISO 14644-1 standards and other health-specific guidelines such as those provided by the Federal Standard 209E or standards set by organizations like the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the World Health Organization (WHO).

Operating rooms typically aim for air cleanliness levels between ISO Class 5 and ISO Class 7. Here’s a brief overview of particle concentration limits for these classes:

  • ISO Class 5:
  • Particles ≥0.3 µm: 10,200 particles per cubic meter
  • Particles ≥0.5 µm: 3,520 particles per cubic meter
  • Particles ≥1.0 µm: 832 particles per cubic meter
  • Particles ≥5.0 µm: 29 particles per cubic meter
  • ISO Class 6:
  • Particles ≥0.3 µm: 102,000 particles per cubic meter
  • Particles ≥0.5 µm: 35,200 particles per cubic meter
  • Particles ≥1.0 µm: 8,320 particles per cubic meter
  • Particles ≥5.0 µm: 293 particles per cubic meter
  • ISO Class 7:
  • Particles ≥0.3 µm: 1,020,000 particles per cubic meter
  • Particles ≥0.5 µm: 352,000 particles per cubic meter
  • Particles ≥1.0 µm: 83,200 particles per cubic meter
  • Particles ≥5.0 µm: 2,930 particles per cubic meter


Federal Standard 209E:


Though this standard is largely replaced by ISO 14644-1, some guidelines may still reference it. For operating rooms, classes typically range from Class 10,000 to Class 100,000.

  • Class 10,000 (Equivalent to ISO Class 7):
  • Particles ≥0.5 µm: 10,000 particles per cubic foot
  • Class 100,000 (Equivalent to ISO Class 8):
  • Particles ≥0.5 µm: 100,000 particles per cubic foot

Other Guidelines:

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and American Institute of Architects (AIA):

  • Minimum 15 air changes per hour (ACH) for operating rooms.
  • At least 3 air changes per hour should be fresh air.
  • HEPA filtration is recommended to remove airborne particles effectively.
  • Positive pressure differential of at least 0.01 inch water gauge (2.5 Pa) relative to adjacent areas.

World Health Organization (WHO):

  • Similar guidelines to CDC and ISO standards, emphasizing the importance of high-efficiency filtration and maintaining positive pressure.

Ensuring Clean Air in Operating Rooms:

  • HEPA Filters: High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) filters are commonly used in operating room HVAC systems to capture airborne particles.
  • Laminar Airflow Systems: These systems provide a continuous flow of filtered air, reducing the risk of contamination.
  • Positive Pressure: Ensures that air flows out of the operating room rather than into it, preventing contaminants from entering.

Measurement and Monitoring:

To ensure compliance, regular monitoring of particle counts and air changes per hour is necessary. This involves:

  • Using Particle Counters: To measure the concentration of particles at different sizes (e.g., PM0.3, PM0.5, PM1, PM2.5).
  • Airflow Measurements: Ensuring the proper number of air changes per hour (ACH) and maintaining positive pressure.

By adhering to these standards and guidelines, medical operating rooms can maintain a high level of air cleanliness, minimizing the risk of infection and ensuring a safe environment for surgical procedures.

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SCIENTIFIC ARTICLES


Evidence on the effectiveness and safety of ultraviolet germicidal irradiation technologies in reducing SARS-CoV-2 in the air of occupied rooms


The effectiveness and safety of Ultraviolet disinfection Germicidal Irradiation (UVGI) (uv sanitizer) technologies in reducing SARS-CoV-2 in the air of occupied rooms have been extensively studied and reviewed. UVGI utilizes ultraviolet-C (UV-C) radiation to inactivate microorganisms, including viruses like SARS-CoV-2. UV-C has demonstrated effectiveness in reducing SARS-CoV-2 by up to 99.9%.


Various UVGI methods, including upper-room UVGI, whole-room far UV-C, and portable UV air cleaners, have been investigated for their efficacy. Upper-room UVGI, in particular, has been used for over 70 years to reduce the transmission of pathogens like tuberculosis.


Studies have shown that UVGI technologies, when used appropriately, can effectively reduce SARS-CoV-2 transmission in occupied rooms. Upper-room UVGI fixtures, such as wall-mounted UV-C lamps and UV-C ceiling fans, have been effective in reducing viral counts in the air. Simulation studies suggest that combining upper-room UVGI with other public health measures, such as masking and ventilation, can further reduce the risk of SARS-CoV-2 transmission in settings like schools and hospitals.


Portable UV air cleaners have also shown efficacy in filtering airborne droplets containing SARS-CoV-2, with some studies reporting up to 82% filtration efficiency.


Safety concerns regarding UVGI technologies primarily revolve around exposure to UV wavelengths >230 nm, which can have negative effects on human tissue. However, proper system design and maintenance can mitigate these risks. Field investigations have reported safe use of UVGI lamps in occupied hospital rooms, with no overexposure cases reported.


Overall, while UVGI technologies show promise in reducing SARS-CoV-2 transmission in indoor settings, further research and real-world evidence are needed to improve confidence in their effectiveness and safety. Additionally, proper implementation and maintenance are crucial to ensuring the safe and effective use of UVGI technologies in occupied spaces. (Summary by: Clauzer Dziedziensky)


See full topic:  https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/diseases/2019-novel-coronavirus-infection/canadas-reponse/summaries-recent-evidence/ultraviolet-germicidal-irradiation-technologies-use-against-sars-cov-2.html#



Efficacy of Inactivation of Human Enteroviruses by Dual-Wavelength Germicidal Ultraviolet (UV-C) Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs)


Human enteroviruses are significant pathogens causing gastrointestinal and respiratory infections, as well as severe illnesses like viral meningitis. While traditional disinfection methods have limitations, UV light, particularly UV-C emitted by LEDs, shows promise for water treatment due to its effectiveness without generating harmful by-products. However, little research has focused on enterovirus inactivation using UV LEDs. This study investigated the efficacy of UV-C LEDs in deactivating four representative human enterovirus serotypes. Results demonstrated that UV-C LEDs, especially at 260 nm, effectively reduced viral concentrations, surpassing the performance of conventional UV lamps. The study highlights the potential of UV-C LEDs for water disinfection, emphasizing the need for further research to develop sustainable water treatment technologies against waterborne pathogens.  (Summary by: Clauzer Dziedziensky)


See full topic: https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/6/1131


Aerosol and Surface Stability of SARS-CoV-2 as Compared with SARS-CoV-1


Important study on the aerosol and surface stability of SARS-CoV-2 compared to SARS-CoV-1. This study and others to be published were very important to establish an understanding of the dynamics of contaminated aerosols, their durability and how an AR filtration system based on HEPA technology (ULPA) and UV-C energy could be designed to seek inactivation of the virus. (Summary by: Clauzer Dziedziensky)


See full topic: https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMc2004973?articleTools=true hepa filtration system ultraviolet uv-c


Inactivation of Pathogens in Air Using Ultraviolet Direct Irradiation Below Exposure Limits

The study explores the effectiveness of using low-intensity ultraviolet (UV) light for pathogen inactivation in air, specifically below the actinic exposure limits (EL) to ensure safety in occupied spaces. This method, called Direct Irradiation Below Exposure Limits (DIBEL), uses UV-C light-emitting diodes (LEDs) at 275 nm to achieve significant air disinfection. The research demonstrates that DIBEL can effectively inactivate pathogens like SARS-CoV-2, providing a new layer of indoor air quality improvement without exceeding safe exposure levels. Future advancements in UV-C technology are expected to enhance the efficacy further, potentially surpassing traditional air disinfection methods.

(Summary by: Clauzer Dziedziensky)

See full topic: https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/jres/126/jres.126.052.pdf


MPOX can be spread by Airborn?

Is it possible for MPOX to be transmitted through the air?

Encouragement to friends to read and collaborate on this topic, which is of utmost importance to all people.

Regardless of the current severity and whether there is manipulation, we all need to understand the situation and be prepared.

It is known that the transmission of MPOX occurs through contact, but there is also evidence of transmission through the air among healthcare professionals and relatives of the patient when the patient is hospitalized. In other words, records of air transmission occur under circumstances where the infected individual and the healthcare professional or relative are in very close contact.

What are the differences between SARCOV2 and MPOX in terms of virus size and characteristics?

                                                MPOX                          COVID

Genome                Double-stranded DNA      Single-stranded RN

Variants                      2 Clades                             27 and increasing

PRIMARY Route      Bodily fluids                        Respiratory droplets

Reservoirs             Small mammals                  Bats, Pangolins, Minks

Considerations

- The structures of both viruses are quite different, including their size. While SARCOV has a diameter of 100nm, MPV has an elongated shape ranging from 200 to 450nm in length.

- Both can be transmitted by saliva droplets;

- Unlike COVID, domestic mammals and squirrels can be vectors for MPOX transmission.

- Unlike COVID, all secretions, hair, and skin flakes can be vectors for MPOX transmission.

- There is a record that a room occupied by an MPOX patient retained traces of the virus for up to 15 days when this analysis was conducted.

Findings

Given the novelty of this topic, it is hard to assert with 100% certainty that MPOX will behave in one way or another, but based on what exists on the Internet and research conducted in Africa, we can conjecture the following:

1 – The record of airborne transmission is quite limited because it pertains to a new event, where the number of infected individuals is very small, and studies are restricted to hospital areas or the room where the infected person is resting at home.

2 – However, even if the virus does NOT have its center in the respiratory system, preliminary observations confirm that the virus can be transmitted via saliva droplets in the air, just like COVID. The difference in sizes and the records of MPOX durability found on surfaces (15 days) increases its chances of being spread in the environment and remaining on masks and air duct systems and filters from heating or refrigeration systems in homes, for example. This finding seems obvious.

3 – It should also be noted that domestic mammals and squirrels can be vectors. The behavior of these animals when socializing with each other and their owners represents a risk for transmission, and their fur and micro-debris will also be a vehicle (vector) for the transmission of the virus.

Conclusion

Based on this brief analysis from internet research, we can conclude that the possibility of airborne transmission and the fact that domestic animals and squirrels can be vectors adds an aggravating factor to this discussion, prompting us to raise a yellow flag and closely follow the news for possible preparations.

Considering the characteristics of MPOX, sanitizing utensils and items used in the external environment of our home should be prioritized. Clothes should be washed at HIGH temperatures for sanitization, and glasses and other personal items should also be sanitized by possible means.

(By Clauzer Dziedziensky www.shieldguard.ca)






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COVID New Variation

#Covid is back in the headlines with the #CDC detecting a new variant called #NB181 in travelers arriving from overseas, the same variant now surging #China. Dr. @ashishkjha

tells us what this means & questions the #FDA decision to restrict #COVIDvaccines to just the elderly:

https://x.com/rosemaryCNN/status/1926895752015389115


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